How Much Does It Cost To Have Septic Tank Field Lines Run? (Perfect answer)

The exact price of your leach field replacement will depend on a few factors. This includes the size of the leach field and your septic system. On average, the price can run anywhere from $5,000 to $20,000.The exact price of your leach fieldleach fieldThe drain field typically consists of an arrangement of trenches containing perforated pipes and porous material (often gravel) covered by a layer of soil to prevent animals (and surface runoff) from reaching the wastewater distributed within those trenches.https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Septic_drain_field

Septic drain field – Wikipedia

replacement will depend on a few factors. This includes the size of the leach field and your septic system. On average, the price can run anywhere from $5,000 to $20,000.

  • The amount you pay will depend on who you hire. Regardless, you can expect to pay between $100 to $300 for a contractor to assist you in finding your field lines. The price depends on the complexity of your system and the amount of time that it takes.

How much field line do I need for a septic tank?

A typical septic drainfield trench is 18 to 30 inches in depth, with a maximum soil cover over the disposal field of 36″; or per the USDA, 2 feet to 5 feet in depth.

Can a leach field be restored?

A drainfield that isn’t working properly could result in clogged drains and the release of raw sewage on the ground’s surface. A failing drainfield can, and should, be restored quickly to avoid permanent damage. Biological, organic, and inorganic additives can be used to restore functionality to a failing drainfield.

How do you tell if the leach field is clogged?

Stay vigilant for five signs your drainfield does not drain correctly anymore.

  1. Slowing Drainage. Homeowners first notice slower than usual drainage from all the sinks, tubs, and toilets in a home when they have a compromised drainfield.
  2. Rising Water.
  3. Increasing Plant Growth.
  4. Returning Flow.
  5. Developing Odors.

Can you have a septic tank without a leach field?

The waste from most septic tanks flows to a soakaway system or a drainage field. If your septic tank doesn’t have a drainage field or soakaway system, the waste water will instead flow through a sealed pipe and empty straight into a ditch or a local water course.

How deep is a septic leach field?

A typical septic drain field (see Figure 1), also known as a leach field, is a series of perforated pipes that are set in trenches and buried with aggregates (½- to 2½-inch gravel or ½- to 4-inch rubber chips) and soil. These drain lines are at a minimum depth of 6 inches and are typically 18 to 36 inches wide.

How much does it cost to replace lateral lines?

FULL REPLACEMENT If you need to get part of the lateral replaced, you will pay between $50 and $200 per linear foot. If you need to get a small piece of the sewer lateral replaced, that will be between $3,000 and $6,000. For sections longer than 50 feet, the cost will be between $5,000 and $13,000.

How do you get rid of septic tank field lines?

While a clogged drain field cannot be snaked out and cleared like a drain pipe, you can take steps to alleviate the problem.

  1. Shock the System With Bacteria.
  2. Reduce Water Usage.
  3. Avoid Harsh Chemicals.
  4. Change to Gentler Toilet Paper and Soap.
  5. Contact a Septic Professional.

How long does a leach field last?

It’s important to consider the life expectancy of a drain-field, too. Under normal conditions and good care, a leach-field will last for 50 years or more. Concrete septic tanks are sturdy and reliable but not indestructible.

How do you clean field lines?

A common approach is to use a high-pressure water jet to clean out drain field pipes. Sewer jet products, like the Clog Hog, attach to a gas or electric power washer and then feed into the pipe to clear away any clogs or buildup.

Can a drain field be repaired?

There’s usually no repair for a drainfield that has failed. You probably need to replace some or all of your system.

How do you fix a saturated leach field?

Additional ways to help keep the soil in your drain field from becoming over-saturated include:

  1. Avoid using too many water fixtures in the home at once.
  2. Ensure all home gutter downspouts are directed away from the drain field.
  3. Don’t point lawn sprinklers toward drain field.

How much does it cost to clean a leach field?

Leach field 1 rejuvenation costs between $1,500 and $5,000. This method is used to clean leach fields that have become clogged or soaked with wastewater and solid waste.

What is the most common cause of septic system failure?

Most septic systems fail because of inappropriate design or poor maintenance. Some soil-based systems (those with a drain field) are installed at sites with inadequate or inappropriate soils, excessive slopes, or high ground water tables.

Can I cut my septic vent pipe in yard?

They shouldn’t be removed but they can be cut down, level with the ground. Other white pipes may be standing above your septic tank, pump tank or close to your foundation. Those are available for maintenance, if needed, and shouldn’t be removed. Again, they can all be cut down close to the ground surface and recapped.

Learn how much it costs to Install a Septic Tank.

Septic tanks range in price from $3,157 to $10,367, or an average of $6,743. Installation of a conventional 1,000-gallon tank for a three-bedroom home might cost anywhere from $2,100 and $5,000. Materials range in price from $600 to $2,500, without labor. A comprehensive septic system, which includes a leach field (also known as a drain field), tank, and plumbing, can cost between $10,000 and $25,000 to install. A leach field installation might cost anywhere from $5,000 to $20,000, depending on the kind.

In the end, the cost of installing a septic tank is determined by the kind of system, the materials used, and the size of the tank.

This course will teach you about the several sorts of settings, such as conventional, drip irrigation, mound irrigation, evapotranspiration, recirculating sand, constructed wetland, and chambered irrigation.

Septic System Cost Estimator

Prices for septic tanks range from $3,157 to $10,367, with an average price of $6,743. Installation of a 1,000-gallon tank for a three-bedroom home typically costs between $2,100 and $5,000. In the absence of manpower, materials might cost anywhere from $600 to $2,000. Complete septic systems, comprising a leach field (also known as a drain field), tank, and pipe range in price from $10,000 to $25,000 (including installation). According to the kind of leach field, installation expenses range from $5,000 to $20,000.

Final costs for septic tank installation are determined by the kind of system, materials used, and overall size of the tank.

Various sorts of setups will be discussed as well, including conventional, mound, evapotranspiration, recirculated sand, constructed wetland, and chambered systems.

National Average $6,743
Typical Range $3,157 – $10,367
Low End – High End $450 – $20,000

The cost information in this report is based on real project costs provided by 943 HomeAdvisor users.

New Septic System Cost

Most tanks and systems cost between $2,000 and $10,000 to install a new typical anaerobic septic system. Aerobic systems range in price from $8,000 to $20,000. Depending on the size of your property, the composition of the soil, and the level of the water table, you may even have to pay an extra $10,000 or more for an alternative, specialized drain or leach field. Septic systems are composed of three major components:

  • Septic tank: Either anaerobic (requiring no oxygen) or aerobic (requiring oxygen but more complicated but more efficient)
  • Water runs to a leach field after it has been cleaned and separated in the septic tank, where it will naturally drain through sand, gravel, and soil in a cleaning process before reaching the water table
  • Water table: Plumbing: A drainpipe to the tank, followed by another branching pipe to your field will be required.

Optional components include the following:

  • Some types of systems use a dose or pump tank, which pumps wastewater up into mounded or elevated leach fields and recycles the water in some cases. Pump for aeration: If your aquarium is equipped with an aerobic system, you’ll want an aerator to force oxygen into the tank.
Find Local Septic Tank Installers

The installation of a traditional anaerobic system typically costs between $3,000 and $8,000 on average. Anaerobic systems are often less expensive to build than aerobic systems, which are more complicated. However, because they are less effective at cleaning the tank, you will need a bigger leach field to accommodate the increased burden. An anaerobic septic system is a very basic system that consists of a pipe that runs from the home to the tank and a branching pipe that runs from the tank to the drain field, among other components.

Rather than using oxygen to break down waste in the tank, these systems rely on the presence of anaerobic bacteria (bacteria that do not require oxygen) to break down waste in the tank before additional bacterial processing in the soil.

Aerobic Septic System Cost

Aerobic systems, which are those that require oxygen to work properly, cost on average between $10,000 and $20,000 per system. If you’re moving from anaerobic to aerobic fermentation, you’ll almost certainly need a second tank, but the conversion will only cost you $5,000 to $10,000. Aerobic systems break down waste more effectively in the tank than anaerobic systems, allowing you to use a smaller drain field in many cases – which is ideal for houses with limited space. An aerobic wastewater system is a wastewater system that depends on aerobic bacteria (bacteria that thrive in the presence of oxygen) to break down trash in the tank.

You’ll need an aerator as well as an electrical circuit that connects to the system to complete the setup.

Get Quotes From Local Septic Tank Pros

Beyond the tank and leach field, there will be a few more costs to consider when creating your budget for the project. You may already have some of these costs included in your total project pricing, so make sure to get line-item prices on your estimate.

  • Excavation costs $1,200–$4,500
  • Building permits cost $400–$2,000
  • And a perc test costs $700–$1,300. Labor costs range from $1,500 to $4,000
  • The cost of septic tank material ranges between $500 and $2,000.
  • Plastic and polymer materials cost $500–$2,500
  • Concrete costs $700–$2,000
  • And fiberglass costs $1,200–$2,000.
  • 500: $500–$900
  • 750: $700–$1,200
  • 1,000: $900–$1,500
  • 1,200: $1,200–$1,600
  • 1,500: $1,500–$2,500
  • 2,000: $3,000–$4,000
  • 3,000: $4,500–$6,000
  • 5,000+: $7,500–$14,000
  • 500: $500–$900
  • 1,200: $1,200–$1,

Leach Field Cost

Installing a leach or drain field, which is a component of your septic system, can cost anywhere from $3,000 to $15,000 in total. The cost of a typical drain field ranges from $2,000 to $10,000. The drain field, also known as the leach field, is the component of the septic system that is responsible for returning wastewater to the soil. Most of the time, a flooded area in the yard or a strong stink of sewage on the property is the first symptom of a problem with the drainfield. It is possible that you may require further treatment for blocked or flooded fields, which would increase the cost of the drain field repair from $10,000 to $50,000.

Alternative Septic Systems Cost

When you have a tiny property, a high water table, high bedrock, poor soil, or just wish to utilize less space, an alternate septic system is a good choice.

Mound Septic System Cost

Installing a mound septic system can cost between $10,000 and $20,000 dollars. In places with high water tables, thin soil depths, or shallow bedrock, this is the most costly system to build; yet, it is frequently required. In order to create a drain field, it uses a raised mound of sand rather than digging into the soil. Its extra cost is a result of both the additional technology required to pump sewage upward into the mound and the materials and labor required to construct the mound in the first place.

Recirculating Sand Filter Septic System Cost

Sand filter septic systems range in price from $7,500 to $18,500. They can be built above or below ground depending on the situation. In order to disperse the wastewater in the ground, they employ a pump chamber to force the wastewater through a sand filter.

The liner of the filter box is normally made of PVC. This is accomplished by pumping the effluent through the sand and returning it to the pump tank, where it is then disseminated throughout the ground.

Drip Septic System Cost

Drip systems range in price from $8,000 to $18,000, depending on the size and complexity. They operate in the same way as previous systems, with the exception that they employ extensive drip tubing and a dosage mechanism. They deliver lower dosages over a shorter period of time, which is particularly effective at shallow soil depths. This method is more expensive than a standard system since it requires a dosage tank, a pump, and electrical power to operate.

Evapotranspiration System

Evapotranspiration systems range in price from $10,000 to $15,000 per system. In order to allow the liquid to evaporate from the top of an open-air tank, they employ a novel drain field configuration. They’re only usable in dry, arid areas with little rain or snow, thus they’re not recommended.

Built Wetland System

Built-in wetland systems range in price from $8,000 to $15,000, with the cost increasing if an aerobic tank is included. They are designed to simulate the natural cleaning process observed in wetland ecosystems. After traveling through a wetland tank, where it is treated by microorganisms, plants, and bacteria, it is returned to the soil. The waste also has the effect of assisting the growth of wetland plants and the population of microbes.

Chambered System

Installation of chambered systems ranges from $5,000 to $12,000 dollars. They employ plastic perforated chambers surrounding pipes, which are frequently laid in sand, to keep them cool. Gravel is no longer required as a result of this. They are quick and simple to install, but they are more subject to crushing pressures, such as those caused by automobiles.

Septic Tank Replacement Cost

The cost of replacing a septic tank ranges from $3,000 to $10,000. From 30 to 40 years, you may anticipate your system to serve you well. The system may crack or corrode as a result of the failure and the resulting contamination of groundwater with toxic waste is an issue. When this occurs, the well water may get polluted, the yard may become marshy, and the septic system may become inoperable or fail completely. Here’s a breakdown of the various components of a septic tank, along with an estimate of their usual costs: Replacement of a septic tank pump costs between $800 and $1,400.

Replacement of the filter costs between $230 and $280.

Drain Field Replacement Cost: $7,500.

Septic System Maintenance Costs

It costs between $3,000 and $10,000 to replace a septic tank. From 30 to 40 years, you may anticipate your system to perform well. The system may crack or corrode as a result of the failure and the resulting contamination of groundwater with toxic waste As a result, the well water may get polluted, the yard may become marshy, and the septic system may fail to work properly. Listed below is a breakdown of the various components of a septic tank, along with an estimate of their average cost: $800–$1,400 to replace a septic tank pump.

Replacement of the filter costs between $230 and $280 (US dollars).

Replacement of a tank lid costs between $30 and $70 dollars. Drain Field Replacement Cost: $7,000.00 When replacing an aerobic system, talk to your service expert about the advantages, disadvantages, and expenses of upgrading to a more efficient aerobic system.

Inspect and Pump Your Septic Frequently

The cost of replacing a septic tank ranges from $3,500 to $10,000. Expect your system to endure somewhere between 30 and 40 years. Eventually, the system will begin to malfunction, and the waste will begin to seep into the groundwater. As a result, the well water may get tainted, the yard may become marshy, and the septic system may become inoperable. Here’s a breakdown of the various components of a septic tank, as well as their usual costs: Replacement of a septic tank pump costs between $800 and $1400.

See also:  When Do I Need To Empty My Septic Tank? (Solved)

Filter replacement costs between $230 and $280.

Drain Field Replacement Cost: $7,500 Consider the advantages, disadvantages, and expenses of switching to a more effective aerobic system before replacing your current system.

  • Initial inspection costs between $250 and $500
  • Annual inspection costs between $100 and $150
  • And camera inspection costs between $250 and $900.

Use Household Water Efficiently

A toilet that leaks or runs continuously might waste as much as 200 gallons of water per day, although the average family consumes just 70 gallons of water. Take, for example, high-efficiency toilets, which consume 1.6 gallons or less of water every flush or less. The use of new, high-efficiency washing machines and showerheads can also help to reduce water waste, which will relieve the load on your septic system.

Properly Dispose of Your Waste

Your septic system is responsible for disposing of everything that goes down your drains and toilets. One easy rule of thumb is to never flush anything down the toilet other than human waste and toilet paper, unless it is absolutely necessary. That implies you should never flush the following items down the toilet or drop them down the sink drain:

  • Cooking grease or oil, baby wipes or wet wipes, dental floss, diapers, feminine hygiene products, cigarettes, cat litter, and paper towels are all examples of items that fall into this category.

Maintain Your Drainfield

The drainfield of your septic system is a component of the system that eliminates waste from the septic’s liquid. You should take steps to keep it in good condition, such as:

  • Never park or drive your vehicle on your drainfield. Don’t ever put trees near your drainage system. Maintaining a safe distance between your drainfield and roof drains, sump pumps, and other drainage equipment
Get in Touch With Septic Tank Installers Near You

A septic tank or septic pump tank can range in price from $350 to $14,000, depending on the material used and the size of the tank. In most home situations, you won’t have to spend more than $3,000 on the tank’s actual construction. The majority of big, high-priced units are intended for use in apartment buildings or as part of a communal sewage system.

Concrete Septic Tank Cost

Concrete tanks range in price from $700 to $2,000. The total cost of installation ranges from $2,300 to $6,500. They’re one of the most often seen forms of installation. Despite the fact that they are vulnerable to cracking and separation, they are often resilient for several decades. It’s critical to have it carefully inspected on a regular basis for cracks and runoff, among other things. Inspections and frequent cleanings will assist to extend its useful life. Your professional can tell you how frequently you should get it inspected, but it’s normally every one to three years.

Plastic and Poly Septic Tank Prices

Building a concrete tank costs between $ 700 and $2,000. Prices range from $2,300 to $6,500 for a complete installation project They’re one of the most often seen sorts of systems installed in homes and businesses. However, they are prone to cracking and separation, and they are only expected to last for many decades. This should be manually checked on a regular basis for cracks and runoff, which should be done by trained professionals.

Inspecting it and cleaning it on a regular basis might help it last longer. While your professional may advise you on how frequently to examine your vehicle, the typical interval ranges from one year to three years.

Fiberglass Septic Tank Prices

Fiberglass septic tanks are typically priced between $1,200 and $2,000, not including installation. Fiberglass does not split or rust readily, but it is prone to damage during the installation process, much like plastic. However, because of its lighter weight, it is more prone to structural damage, and the tanks themselves can move in the soil.

Steel

It’s unlikely that you’ll ever see a new steel tank constructed. They will rust or corrode with time, no matter how well-made they are at the time. As a result, they are not permitted by many municipal construction rules, and you will only encounter them in existing installations. Steel is not a long-lasting material in the earth, and it is the least preferred.

Labor Costs to Install a Septic System

The cost of labor accounts for 50 percent to 70 percent of your overall expenses. Labor is typically more expensive than the tank itself in a normal installation, making it the most expensive option. For example, while the size required for a 3 to 4-bedroom home may cost between $600 and $1,100, the labor to install it might cost anywhere between $1,500 and $4,000.

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Here is a breakdown of how much septic tanks cost in different parts of the country. Massachusetts:$9,700 California:$4,500 Florida:$5,300 Texas:$8,000 $5,600 in New York City Colorado:$7,800 Idaho:$10,000

DIY vs. Hire a Septic System Pro

A look at how much septic tanks cost in different parts of the country is provided below. Massachusetts:$9,700 California:$4,500 Florida:$5,300 Texas:$8,000 $5,600 in New York Colorado:$7,800 Idaho:$10,000

FAQs

A septic tank has an average lifespan of 20 to 30 years, however it may live anywhere from 14 to 40 years, depending on the following factors:

  • What it is made of is a mystery. Concrete tends to require more care, but commercial-grade fiberglass and plastic are known to survive for decades in most environments. It’s amazing how well you’ve kept it up. Every one to three years, have your system inspected and pumped out
  • Every three to five years, have it pumped out. It will depend on whether or not it gets vehicle traffic over the leach field. Driving over the leach field compresses it, which increases the likelihood of it failing. The soil’s chemical makeup is important. The length of time it may endure varies depending on the soil type and depth.

What are the signs I need a new septic tank?

There are a few indicators that it is time to replace your septic tank. These are some examples: If you smell sewage, you may have a solid waste problem in your septic tank that has to be dealt with immediately. Standing water: If there is no clear explanation for standing water, such as a significant rainstorm, it is possible that you have an oversaturated drain field, a damaged pipe, or a faulty septic system. A clogged septic tank will cause pipes to drain more slowly than they would otherwise be.

Construction on your home or the addition of more occupants will have an impact on your septic system.

pollution of nearby water: A septic tank leak can result in wastewater contamination, which can deposit nitrate, nitrite, or coliform bacteria in water sources around your property as a result of the leak.

Old age: If your septic system has reached the end of its useful life, it is time to replace it.

Does homeowners insurance cover septic systems?

Many unforeseen and abrupt repairs to septic tanks are covered by homeowners’ insurance policies.

They do not, however, often cover harm caused by a failure to perform routine maintenance. Make certain that you are pumping and cleaning it on a yearly basis.

How much do septic system repairs cost?

Repairing a septic system can cost anything from $600 to $3,000. Most tank repairs and replacement parts cost less than $1500 for each type of repair or replacement part mentioned below. Leach fields range in price from $2,000 to $20,000.

  • Tank Pumps cost between $800 and $1,500. A septic tank that is placed below the drain field may necessitate the installation of a pump to transport wastewater to the drain field. Pumping costs between $300 and $600 per year. Pumping is required to remove solid waste from even a perfectly functioning system every two or three years, even if it is in good working order. Tank Lids cost between $100 and $300 to purchase and install. If you purchase the lid and attach it yourself, it will cost you between $50 and $150
  • Tank Lid Risers range in price from $300 to $1,000. Deeply submerged tanks can have their lids raised to the surface by using these devices.
Still Have Questions About Septic Tanks?

The average cost of replacing a drain field is around $6,000 dollars. Get quotations from as many as three professionals! Enter your zip code below to get matched with top-rated professionals in your area. Septic tank drainage fields are one of the most important components of the system, and if one fails, your garden might flood and smell awfully for a long time. The cost of replacing a drain field is determined by the size of the field and the type of septic system that is in use on your property.

If you’re replacing every pipe in the drain field, you should expect to pay roughly $10 every linear foot of piping that is put in place.

As a result, basic PVC piping may be purchased for as little as $5 per linear foot, whereas high-end copper piping can be purchased for as much as $15 per linear foot.

How Much Does It Cost to Replace a Drain Field by Type?

It is not all septic systems that consist of a basic tank beneath the earth with a drain field connected to it. Because of technological advancements, there are a variety of options for concealing the leach field and dispersing the effluent.

Mound Septic System Drain Field Cost

Because mound septic system drain fields are not buried in the earth, the cost of a mound septic system drain field is normally on the higher end. Instead, you’ll need to build a mound of sand on top of the piping to keep it covered. This is because pumping the sand uphill and then building a mound to install the pipes in increases the expense of replacing a mound septic system drain field by around $12,000 on average.

Evapotranspiration Septic System Drain Field Cost

Those of you who live in a dry, arid region may have chosen an evapotranspiration septic system as a means of removing waste. These systems enable the water to evaporate via an open-air tank rather of flowing into a water table as is the case with conventional systems. The typical cost of evapotranspiration septic system drain fields is around $8,000.

Anaerobic Septic System Drain Field Cost

Among the many different types of septic systems available, anaerobic septic systems are the most basic. It does nothing more than transport waste down to the septic tank and eventually into the drain field below. It relies on anaerobic bacteria to break down trash before moving on to the drain field to remove the anaerobic bacteria from the waste stream. Despite their simplicity, these systems frequently necessitate the purchase of the most area for your drain field. These systems cost around $5,000 on average, with the drain field system installation accounting for approximately $3,500 of the total cost.

Aerobic Septic System Drain Field Cost

Aerobic septic system drain fields require a fraction of the land area required by anaerobic systems.

These systems make use of an aerator and an electrical circuit to provide continuous oxygen to the aerobic bacteria that live inside them. The typical cost of an aerobic septic system drain field is around $7,000.

Drain Field Replacement Cost Breakdown

Photograph courtesy of Klaus Vedfelt/DigitalVision via Getty Images When it comes to rebuilding a drain field, there are a number of factors to consider. These include labor, permits, and testing the field. Because this project frequently entails a significant amount of excavating and building, it is not suggested that you omit alerting your local municipality.

Labor

The installation of a septic system in a yard is one of the most time-consuming and labor-intensive operations available. It will take a lot of digging and back-breaking labor to complete the task. Labor will normally account for 60% of the overall cost of the project, resulting in an average cost of $3,600 on a typical job.

Permits

You’ll need to submit a permit ahead of time to guarantee that you don’t mistakenly dig off your property or onto the city’s electricity lines or city pipelines. Depending on your local government rules, permits for rebuilding a drainage field will cost anywhere from $400 to $2,000 in total.

Perc Testing

Before you can proceed with the replacement of a leach field, you must first do a perc test. These tests examine the earth underneath the drain field to see if it has the potential to absorb water and then filter it. After several decades of use, there’s a potential that your existing drain field may no longer be acceptable, and you’ll need to relocate it or update your drainage system to accommodate it. The typical cost of perc testing is around $1,500.

How Much Does It Cost to Replace a Drain Field Yourself?

As a result of the necessity to get permits and the requirement for perc testing, this is not a work that should be attempted by the homeowner on his or her own. Instead, you should contract with a septic provider to take care of the drain field replacement. This task necessitates the use of huge excavators, a large number of workers, and, in the case that a significant amount of pipe is required, a crane.

FAQs About Drain Fields and Septic Systems

If you keep your septic system in good working order, a drain field should last around 20 years on average. Despite the fact that the field may not endure for very long, it is vital to get it examined at least once a year.

How much does it cost to convert an anaerobic septic system into an aerobic system?

If you don’t have enough area for a big drain field for an anaerobic system, you may always convert it to an aerobic system if the space is available. According to industry standards, the cost of changing anaerobic systems to aerobic systems is around $7,500.

How much does it cost to pump a septic tank?

In the event that you no longer have the room for a big drain field for an anaerobic system, you can always convert it to an aerobic system to save money. According to industry standards, the cost of switching anaerobic systems to aerobic systems averages $7,500.

How much does it cost to repair a drain field?

If your drain field isn’t too old, you may simply need to do simple repairs to get everything back up and running. If your drain field is older, you may need to replace it.

Drain field repairs are quite variable, since it all depends on where the problem is located and how easy it is to access the problem in order to repair it. Drain field repairs can range in price from $2,000 to $15,000 depending on the factors considered.

How Much Does a Septic System Cost: Replacement and New

If your septic system is in need of replacement, call us today. Is it important for you to know how much it will cost to rebuild your septic system? In the event that you’re thinking of purchasing a home that will require a new septic tank system or obtaining a construction loan to develop a new property, you may be interested in knowing the average cost of a septic system. It is quite expensive to purchase such a system because it takes a substantial amount of labor from your contractor. A variety of factors influence the cost of a typical septic system.

See also:  How To Avoid Pumping A Septic Tank? (Solved)

What is a Septic System, and How Does it Work?

A septic system is an underground wastewater treatment facility that is most commonly employed where there is no access to a municipal sewage system. Instead of urban regions, they are more typically seen in rural locations. A basic septic system is comprised of three components: a septic tank, a distribution box, and a leach field (or leach field). A leach field is also referred to as a drain field or a soil absorption field in some circles. A septic tank aids in the digestion of organic matter and the separation of floatable stuff such as fats, oils, and solids from wastewater in the treatment process.

The first septic tanks were put in place in the late 1800s, but it was not until the 1960s that they began to gain widespread acceptance.

How Much Does a Septic Tank Cost?

The cost of a septic tank is determined by a variety of factors. The number of bedrooms in your home is the single most important element in determining how much you will have to pay for a septic tank installation. More bedrooms imply a greater number of potential tenants, as well as a greater capacity septic tank required. The size of a septic tank for a three-bedroom house is typically 1000 gallons in capacity. The price of a 1000-gallon septic tank ranges from around $600 to $1200. Please keep in mind that the cost of a product might vary greatly depending on where you are located on a price spectrum.

A bigger septic tank will cost you between $1200 and $2000, depending on its size.

When it comes to septic systems, however, this is not where the most expensive parts of the system are located.

When considering the installation of a new septic system or the replacement of an existing one, consider how much money will be spent on the leaching area.

The location of your property, the quality of the soil, and the presence or absence of a water table are all factors that might influence the cost of your septic system installation.

The Cost of Septic System Installation

Understanding how much it will cost to replace a septic system is significantly more important than understanding how much it will cost to replace a tank. When compared to the expense of repairing a leach field, the cost of replacing a septic tank is comparatively affordable. The cost of replacing a leach field might range from $5000 to $50,000 or even more!. That is right; you read that correctly. The cost of a septic system replacement can vary greatly depending on a number of factors, including the soil’s health, the level of the water table, the presence of designated wetlands nearby, and the location of your property.

  • The engineer will begin by doing a land survey to assess the costs of the system replacement.
  • They will create what is known as a “as-built” model, which depicts how the system is put together.
  • They make use of the information gathered from these tests in order to build a septic system that will work effectively.
  • Due to the fact that clay-rich soils must be replenished by trucking in gravel, having clay-rich soils increases the cost of the project.
  • Local health officials will almost certainly require that the septic system be elevated 3-4 feet above the water table.
  • If your property is located in an area with a high water table, you might expect to pay a higher installation fee.
  • Your installation expenses will be significantly increased as a result of this.

Who Installs Septic Systems?

A septic system is blocked by a business that is authorized to provide this type of service. Before selecting a septic installation firm, it is critical to conduct due diligence in the same way you would in any other business. Make careful you interview a number of different companies and obtain written estimates. A septic system replacement might cost anywhere from $1,000 to $10,000, depending on the provider you work with. Permitting, installation, and restoration charges for your yard should all be included in the quotation.

Speaking with relatives and friends for recommendations on people they know or with whom they have done business is something I would encourage.

If you’re still having trouble finding what you’re looking for, you may try searching for septic system installers near me, septic system installers nearby, or septic system contractors near me in the Google search engine. If you conduct this type of web search, you should receive some first ideas.

Why Do Septic Systems Fail?

Septic systems, like many other things, will eventually fail to work correctly after many years of use. The way you care for and maintain your system has a huge impact on how long it will endure and perform. For example, having a waste disposal in conjunction with a septic system is strongly discouraged. Food and other garbage are not intended to be flushed down the toilet or into a septic system. Over time, these obstructions can choke leach lines, resulting in a situation in which the system is unable to perform its functions correctly.

Only biodegradable items should be flushed down a toilet, according to EPA guidelines.

By properly maintaining your septic system, you may extend its life expectancy by several years.

Buying and Selling a Home With a Septic System

When purchasing or selling a house, it is essential to have the septic system inspected. It is a substantial obstacle to overcome, much like a house inspection. Nobody wants to make the mistake of purchasing a lemon and then incurring the additional price of replacing their septic system, which can cost thousands of dollars. In certain places, having a septic system examination is a legal necessity. A requirement known as Title Vrequires a seller in the state of Massachusetts to check their septic system before they may sell their home.

A Title V septic inspection will normally cost between $700 and $1000.

If the seller’s septic system fails the inspection, he or she has two options.

Performing an escrow holdback lets the agreed-upon closing date to go as scheduled without disruption.

The seller will receive this money once the work has been completed and the installation has been approved by the city or town.Over the years, I’ve sold many homes that had a failed septic system, and we closed by doing an escrow holdback.One other important tip: if your home has a septic system, make sure you don’t misrepresent the number of bedrooms.

Real estate agents and sellers have been sued and found to be in violation of the law.

Getting a Septic System Replacement Loan

Is it possible to receive a loan to rebuild your septic system?

This is a question that I’ve received several times throughout the years. Yes, and some governments will also give financial aid in the form of grants. Here is a list of resources that can assist you in obtaining finance for septic system replacement.

You Need a Permit for Your Septic System

It is necessary to get a permission from the county clerk’s office, the environmental or zoning department, or both, before you can begin your installation. Depending on the state you live in, you should anticipate to pay between $300 and $500 for this service. Permits for business usage might cost up to three times as much as residential permits.

When is the Septic Tank Installed During a New Build?

Your contractor will have to wait until the frame of the house is complete before doing the groundwork essential for the installation of the septic system. A hole excavated before to this time may cause problems with the building process and cause it to be delayed. Trucks parking on the lot would have to be carefully positioned in order to prevent hitting the hole, which might jeopardize the work and increase your expenditures. Most of the time, your contractor will include the cost of installing your septic system in the total cost of your project.

Here are some additional questions to ask a builder if you are constructing a home for the very first time.

Video: How to Find Your Septic System

What is the location of your septic system tank? In this video, you will learn some useful suggestions on how to locate your septic system.

What to Know About Septic System Maintenance

What is the best way to locate your septic tank? During this video, you will be provided with some useful information on how to locate your septic system.

How Do You Know When a Septic Tank System Needs Replacing?

Septic systems are typically good for 20 to 30 years, and in some cases even longer, before they need to be upgraded or replaced. Some symptoms might suggest that there is an issue with your computer’s operating system.

Green Grass

If you have grass growing over your drain field, does the grass appear to be growing more vigorously than in other areas? Are there any plants in the vicinity that are growing at a higher rate than the rest of the plants? If you can’t identify any other reason for this to be happening, it might be a hint that the drain field isn’t performing as it is supposed to.

Yard Puddles

Having a puddle in your yard despite the fact that it hasn’t rained may indicate that your drain field isn’t performing as planned by the manufacturer. Assuming that there is an unpleasant stench along with the puddles, you can expect to discover that your septic system has failed.

Flushing Problems

A blocked toilet flush and the appearance of clogged pipes might indicate that there is a problem with the plumbing system in your home. An foul stench in the home might also be an indication that something is wrong with your septic system and needs to be addressed.

Overflowing

A tank that is overflowing indicates that it is not working properly. Septic tanks eventually collapse over time, especially if they have not been serviced on a regular basis.

Contamination

A septic system that does not function properly may cause well water to become contaminated, necessitating the need for immediate repair.

If the local board of health determines that your property is filthy and has the potential to infect other properties in the area, they may decide to condemn it.

Cost to Replace a Septic System vs. Installing New

Failure to maintain or repair a septic system might result in the contamination of well water and the need for an immediate replacement of that system. Your property may be condemned by the local board of health if they determine that it is unhygienic and has the potential to infect other homes in the neighborhood.

Miscellaneous Septic System Repair Costs

Some components of a septic system may require replacement at some time in the future. Listed below are the options, together with their associated costs:

  • The baffle is a component of the septic tank that prevents the accumulation of scum in the tank’s inlets and outflow pipes. It should be replaced every five years. Approximately $300-600 will be spent to replace it. Tank cover – Because the tank cover is composed of concrete, it is susceptible to deterioration over time. Approximately a few hundred dollars is required to replace one of these devices. a concrete distribution box (also known as a D-box for short) is a smaller tank that is responsible for distributing liquids out to the leach field. The typical cost of replacing a distribution box is between $600 and $1300.

Can You Repair a Septic Leach Field?

Years ago, the answer to this question would have been no; a septic leach field could not be repaired. Today, the answer is yes. Today, it is more likely that you will be able to avoid the costly and time-consuming process of replacing the entire leach field. Septic aeration is a technique that has been developed. It is essentially a matter of adding oxygen to wastewater using aeration machines that dissolve oxygen to encourage aerobic digestion. A classic septic system operates in an anaerobic (oxygen-free) environment, resulting in the formation of a black, sludge-like layer in the leach field known as the biomat.

The septic system eventually fails as a result of this.

It may be built in a short amount of time.

How Septic Aeration Works

As a result of the aerobic bacteria, the amount of nutrients in the septic tank effluent that the biomat needed to survive and develop has been greatly reduced. The biomat eventually succumbs to the elements. Aerobic bacteria that exit the septic tank along with water that contains high amounts of dissolved oxygen feed on the biomat, causing it to shrink even further in size and effectiveness. The mechanism causes the biomat to diminish in size until it is no longer visible on the surface. It will take many weeks for the earth and sidewalls of the leach field to revert to a porous state, and the aerobic septic system will work as if it had just been constructed.

What you avoid with septic aeration is the need to dig up your yard and the expenditure of tens of thousands of dollars.

A septic system firm in your area should be able to offer you with such information as well.

Final Thoughts on The Costs of Septic Systems

In the construction of a home, septic systems are one of the most expensive components that must be purchased and installed. The cost of replacing a septic system can be quite expensive. Unfortunately, when it comes to increasing the market value of your property, rebuilding your septic system has minimal effect. This investment yields a poor return on its initial investment. A new septic system is not likely to have a substantial influence on the value of your house. This advice on the cost of replacing a septic tank and leach field should have been beneficial to you, and we hope you found it so.

If you need to reach Bill, you may do so through email at [email protected] or by phone at 508-625-0191.

Are you contemplating the sale of your home?

The following towns in Metrowest Massachusetts are served by my Real Estate Sales: Ashland; Bellingham; Douglas; Framingham; Franklin; Grafton; Holliston; Hopkinton; Hopedale; Medway; Mendon; Milford; Millbury; Millville; Natick; Northborough; Northbridge; Shrewsbury; Southborough; Sutton; Wayland; Westborough; Whitinsville; Worcester; Upton; and Uxbridge MA.

DescriptionFind out how much it costs to install a new septic system as well as how much it costs to replace an old septic system in this article. Author Bill Gassett is a writer who lives in New York City. Name of the publisher Real Estate Exposure to the Fullest Extent Logo of the publisher

How Much Does it Cost for a New Leach Field?

Leach fields, which are also known as drain fields or soil absorption systems, are an essential component of a septic system. If the leach field fails, it can be quite expensive to replace. Many factors influence the cost of constructing a new leach field. If your leach field is in need of replacement, acquire quotations from a number of different companies. You might be able to save several thousand dollars this way. It’s important to remember that a failing septic system usually signifies that the leach field failed.

See also:  What Are The Two Circles On The Ground Above A Septic Tank? (Best solution)

Failing Systems

There are no hard-to-miss signs that a new leach field is required – you will most likely notice an odor, as well as moist or persistently soggy patches in your present leach field. Pay attention to these warning signals and seek expert guidance if you notice anything unusual. In order to avoid having effluent back up into your home, you must ensure that your septic system is functioning properly. Beyond the nuisance to the individual, malfunctioning leach fields have the potential to pollute ground water, harming drinking water sources and perhaps causing sickness.

How It Works

Everything that goes down the drains and toilets ends up in the septic tank. When wastewater and solids are introduced into the tank, an initial baffle stops the wastewater from flowing in from the bottom. This prevents it from churning up muck in the tank and clogging the drain. The baffle at the tank’s outflow prevents oil and muck from leaving the tank. The bulk of solid waste in a septic tank descends at the bottom, where it is collected. Bacteria aid in the breakdown of this substance, resulting in the formation of sludge.

When the wastewater reaches the leach field, it trickles down through the stone bed and into the surrounding soil.

The soil in the leach field should be left undisturbed and not compacted in order to achieve the greatest results.

It is also possible that bacteria present in the soil, as well as typical soil nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen, contribute to the water cleaning process.

Replacement Costs

It is reasonable to anticipate to pay between $5,000 and $20,000 for leach field repair. Costs will vary depending on the size of the leach field, the soils used, and the costs of any local licenses. The septic system’s most expensive component is the sewage treatment system. While locations with naturally sandy soil allow for effective percolation, or “percing,” of wastewater downward, clay soils tend to hang on to the water they absorb. A big part of the cost of rebuilding your leach field is determined by the type of soil you have, since a huge leach field is not required for porous soil conditions as it is for less porous soil conditions.

You will also need to account for the expense of replacing sod in the area or the cost of planting fresh grass seed when the job is completed.

Other Considerations

If you must spend money on a new leach field, take steps to ensure that you will not have to replace it for a long period of time. It is not recommended to grow trees or bushes on or near the leach field since the roots may interfere with it. It should not be used to park automobiles or keep anything substantial on it, such as a boat when it is out of the water. Additionally, you should consider installing water-saving equipment around your home, such as low-flow toilets. Try to avoid taking long showers, washing more than one load of laundry a day, or doing anything else that puts a strain on your septic system.

References Jane Meggitt has been a writer for more than 20 years and has published several books.

She holds a Bachelor of Arts in English from New York University as well as an Associate of Arts degree from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City, where she currently resides.

How Much Does a Septic System Cost?

Medium: Averages $2,000-$5,000; Runs $4,000-$12,000 in Higher Cost Areas Enhanced System: $10,000-$20,000+
For homes that aren’t connected to a municipal sewer plant, a septic is an on-site system that collects, treats and disposes of household wastewater by slowly filtering it through underground soil. Typically there are two main parts, a septic tank and a soil absorption system (also called a drainfield, leachfield or disposal field). These are located underground and connected to the house by sewage pipes.Typical costs:
  • The cost of installing or rebuilding a traditional septic system (including the tank) is from $2,000 to $5,000 in the Midwest, but can range from $4,000 to $12,000 or more in locations with higher material and labor costs. Septic systems that are designed, engineered-like or alternative septic systems, such as mounds, soil/peat filters, aerobic systems, and/or artificial wetlands, can cost $10,000 to $20,000 or more, according to the Rhode Island Regional Water Quality Program. These alternative septic systems perform better than the conventional technique in areas with high groundwater levels or soil that is slowly or fast percolating, as well as in areas near drinking water supplies, wetlands, coastal ponds, or other water resources. Simply installing a septic tank will cost between $500 and $1,800 based on its size (varying from 300 to 1,000 gallons) and kind. It costs an additional $100-$200 to purchase piping and other necessary supplies
  • New Mexico State University gives an overview of the septic tank installation process. Many locations, however, require that a septic system be planned and constructed by experienced and licensed experts
  • For more information, contact your local or state sanitation agency.

Related articles:Septic Tank Cleaning,Sewer Line Replacement,Replacing Copper Pipes What should be included:

  • It is necessary to employ Septic systems when sewage treatment plants are not accessible, which is typically the case in rural or suburban areas with big lots. Essentially, a septic tank is a huge, underground, waterproof container that can be constructed of concrete, fiberglass, or plastic (polyethylene). An explanation of how septic systems function and where they might be utilized can be found at the North Carolina State University Ag Extension
  • Installing or replacing a septic system might take anything from a few days to a week or more. The procedure entails substantial excavating, which is frequently accomplished using powerful earth-moving equipment.
  • The majority of counties and states require a construction permit for the installation or replacement of a septic system, which may cost anywhere from $250 to $1,000 or more depending on the location and complexity of the job. For further information, contact your local building and planning department. A septic system installation typically entails substantial digging and damage to the landscaping
  • New grass and other plantings can cost anywhere from $100 to $1,000 or more.
  • Unlike individual septic tanks, each house has its own underground septic tank, but all of the septic tanks are connected to a single drainfield, leachfield, or soil absorption system. A cluster septic system, which is often implemented by developers, distributes the expense of drainfield installation and maintenance across a large number of dwellings.
  • To find out if your local sanitation agency maintains a list of licensed septic installation firms, contact them and ask. Onsite wastewater recycling contractors can be found by contacting the National Onsite Wastewater Recycling Association for recommendations. Inquire about training and previous experience. Check to see if the firm is legally bonded, insured, and licensed in your jurisdiction.
CostHelper News What People Are Paying – Recent Comments Page 2 of 2-Previous12
Posted by:Fredbill in Ashland, VA. Posted:October 28th, 2020 10:10AM
Type:PVC pipe

When flushing my toilet during wet weather, it was gurggling and not flowing out properly. Septic company wants to replace old black pipe with PVC pipe running 80 feet from septic tank to distribution box. They think the 65 year-old black pipe is collapsing. Is $37.50 per foot a reasonable price?

Posted by:Fiorella in Miami, FL. Posted:July 28th, 2020 05:07PM
Type:Conventional septic

Septic tank needed repair. House did not have a drain fill. Had one collapsed leg that was installed years back. Repair was done to the tank and an entire drain fill with 5 legs was installed. My house is located in a high water table. I hired a reputable plumbing company that offers a three years warranty. Is this a reasonable price to pay for repairing a septic tank and installing a complete drain fill with 5 legs?

Posted by:Dorie Dew in Nederland, CO. Posted:May 22nd, 2020 02:05PM
Type:leach field install

I am being told that because of county planning dept regs and not enuf “soil” (4 ft) before bedrock here in the Rockies, it will cost $40,000 to install a septic system for a 2 bedroom home (the smallest unit).

Please tell me there is an alternative!

Posted by:in Stone Mountain/atlanta, GA. Posted:September 9th, 2019 04:09PM
Type:New system

1000 gallon septic tank with 195 feet of quick 4 plus high capacity infiltrator per county code. Inlet line from house to tank plumbing with level 3 soil test and permit. By Easy Clean Septic 678-532-1276 Easycleanseptic.com

Posted by:in Stone Mountain/atlanta, GA. Posted:September 9th, 2019 04:09PM
Type:New system

1000 gallon septic tank with 195 feet of quick 4 plus high capacity infiltrator per county code. Inlet line from house to tank plumbing with level 3 soil test and permit.

Posted by:Gregory Chappel in Trinidad, CA. Posted:August 15th, 2019 01:08PM
Type:New tank and drain field

1500 gallon tank, 4″line, 90′ rock trenches took 3 days

Posted by:Unclebob in McArthur, CA. Posted:January 26th, 2019 09:01AM
Type:Trailer park

I fought septic tank, leach field problems for years. this is a trailer park, with 35 trailers going into a 7500 gallon tank with 1000 feet in length of leach field. The killer was cooking oil and grease. Plugged up the leach field. Educating the tenants made a huge difference. Then I found the magical cheap combination that worked much better than those expensive enzymes.Equal parts, Yeast, Brown Sugar, and Baking soda. I mix a pound of each and flush it down a toilet every couple of months.

Sams club and Costco sell it in bulk cheap.

Posted by:a user in moreland, GA. Posted:July 20th, 2018 12:07AM

That seems like a lot of money for s single drain line

Posted by:Sfr Development LLC in Boone, NC. Posted:August 11th, 2017 12:08PM
Type:Conventional 2 Foot Chambers

1000 gallon tank. In Mountains Boone NC. Have 30 inches to 48 inches of soil. 3 – 60 Feet 2 foot chamber lines

Posted by:rrrr in berlin, NJ. Posted:July 12th, 2017 02:07PM
Type:septic

location-south jersey-sandy soil approx cost please? looking for economy and conformity.

Posted by:Any Help Appreciated in Charleston, SC. Posted:May 12th, 2017 08:05AM

Getting ready to purchase a piece of land that requires a septic system in order to build. From soup to nuts, (permits, materials, installation) what should I be looking at for total cost? This house will be built very close to water(Charleston, SC less than.5 miles) How long does the process typically take? Any and all help truly appreciated

Posted by:Ken Carbaugh in Leesburg, VA. Posted:June 20th, 2016 06:06PM
Type:conventional to alternative systems

A perc or perk test in Northern Va from a licensed consultant will cost between 1200-2500 dollars depending the district and county fees. Fairfax County costs are 2-4x as much due to local health dept bureaucracy and redtape requiring a surveyor and engineer to be used for any certification or permitting. Real costs of conventional systems (3-4 bedrooms) are from 14-25k depending on the soil percolation results and whether or not a pump is required. If the system is an alternative (BAT in MD) the design costs add 1000-2500 in costs and the installation of the specialized equipment adds costs that can total 20-35,000 easily.

Your property is the most valuable asset you will own so be careful with the land you contract to purchase and beware not all property is equal in value for development.

Posted by:Bob42 in High rolls, NM. Posted:March 25th, 2016 12:03PM
Type:Concrete tank, leachfield

$5500 was the total cost for everything including permits and inspection certificate, tank, pipes, new leachfield etc.

I live rurally in a mountainous region with sloping land so more work was required to remediate the land for the leach field to be level. Took about a week from contract signing to completion.

Posted by:Susana in cumming, GA. Posted:August 24th, 2015 04:08PM
Type:treating the leach field

I had a septic company come to do a septic tank pump for $150 but they said I needed a more expensive leach field treatment at a cost of over $2500 even thought there is no back up or smell anywhere. They wind up doing an enxyme one leaving me with 6 gallons of liquid enzyme I am suppose to pour down the toiled once a month. My son says I was ripped off. Is he right?

Posted by:payed too much? in Effort, PA. Posted:August 2nd, 2015 11:08PM
Type:dual tank w mound

Had Pump replaced as well as wire to house, dug up yard, to replace line, replaced pump, didn’t take garbage, didn’t clean up landscape, pump both tanks included in price, found truck parts in driveway and tanks not pumped, claim truck broke be back to pump.was this a lot, I had to rake out landscape and driveway, clean wires, boxes and garbage left behind,.I hope they pump the tanks soon.

Posted by:Daytrp in Eldersburg, MD. Posted:July 17th, 2015 08:07PM
Type:Repair – new construction

Repair permit: $130-450 depending on county.New construction permits: $250-550.New septic $16-22k for advanced treatment, $8-10k conventional Perc test for repair: $850-$1,400 takes 2-6 hours. Done with county sanatarian onsite. A common septic repair: (installation of 2 – 60′ long x 3′ wide x 8′ deep with 4′ of stone below pipe invert) runs about $6,500.Trench dimensions are determined by number of bedrooms (occupancy) and percolation rates from perc test. price varies depending on Trench size.

Septic tank add $2,500-3,500 Pump chamber, pump and controls add $4,000-5,000.

Some states Have programs to help upgrade your septic tank.

Specailty jobs, difficulty of access, heavy rock, all add to the bid price

Posted by:ABMCCAA in Bakersfield, CA. Posted:June 26th, 2015 05:06PM

New 1500 Gallon Tank, Engineering, 60′ of Leach Field with Rock base drainage system. 50 ton of 3/4″ rock, new 4″ main line to house, soils testing and permits. Took 3 days total.

Posted by:andrewbasil in hemet, CA. Posted:March 23rd, 2015 06:03AM
Type:simple leach line replacement

75 feet of leach line were dug up and replaced the. attached up to original fifteen hundred gallon 1973 concrete septic tank and re buried. they had to knock down two fruit trees and by accident sheared off a water tap. (Having not repaired the water line it has now become a 5 foot stream shooting straight up in air.) I do feel grandmother was taken advantage and charged double of not more for services that. and this is the worst part. a permit nor independent inspection was never done for this job.

Help me out here what do I do?

Posted by:ltodd kinsey in cda, ID. Posted:February 26th, 2015 11:02PM
Type:all

If properly maintained a working system should never need pumped

Posted by:M. IRIARTE in STROUDSBUR, PA. Posted:February 4th, 2015 05:02AM
Type:SEPTIC

ANYONE IN THE POCONOS HAS HAD THEIR SEPTIC SYSTEM REPLACE.

WHAT WAS THE COST OF REPLACEMENT.WOULD LIKE TO GET FEEDBACK Page 2 of 2-Previous12 External Resources:

  1. Twri.tamu.edu/reports/1999/l5234.pdf
  2. sohioline.osu.edu/aex-fact/0744.html
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